Abstract

The rapid evolution of global conflict dynamics in the twenty-first century has reshaped the character, conduct, and complexity of warfare, compelling states to rethink and recalibrate their security frameworks. This article examines the emerging trends in contemporary warfare, ranging from cyber conflict/information manipulation, autonomous/unmanned systems and hybrid warfare, and analyzes their implications for Nigeria’s national security architecture. Drawing on recent security developments within and beyond Nigeria, the study interrogates how these trends expose structural vulnerabilities in the country’s defence, intelligence, and law enforcement institutions. It further assesses the adequacy of Nigeria’s current security strategies in anticipating, preventing, and responding to evolving threats, especially in the context of porous borders, asymmetric conflicts, and socio-political fragilities. The article argues that Nigeria’s national security framework must transition from a predominantly conventional, reactive model to a technologically enabled, intelligence-driven, and multi-dimensional system. It concludes by proposing policies for strengthening national resilience, enhancing inter-agency cooperation, deepening regional security partnerships, and modernizing defence capabilities to effectively confront the realities of modern warfare.